The purpose of this study was to determine the opinions and expectations of patients and nurses about privacy during a hospital admission for surgery. The study explored what enables and maintains privacy from the perspective of Turkish surgical patients and nurses. The study included 102 adult patients having surgery and 47 nurses caring for them. Data were collected via semistructured questionnaire by face-to-face interviews. The results showed that patients were mostly satisfied by the respect shown to their privacy by the (...) nurses but were less confident of the confidentiality of their personal data. It was found that patients have expectations regarding nursing approaches and attitudes about acknowledging and respecting patient autonomy and confidentiality. It is remarkable that while nurses focused on the physical dimension of privacy, patients focused on informational and psychosocial dimensions of privacy, as well as its physical dimension. (shrink)

Premarital sexual relations are unacceptable for women within Turkish society's understanding and perception of honour. If there is any suspicion about virginity, young girls are forced to undergo hymen examination against their will, which frequently results in attemped suicide. The most frequent cause of suicide in young Turkish girls is hymen examination. Nurses and midwives are always involve in this procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the views of and approaches to hymen examination by nurses and midwives. (...) Of those who participated in this study, 80.2% had been present during a hymen examination, 40.4% indicated that virginity had a special significance in the society owing to social pressures, and 37.5% indicated that they agreed with the view that the idea of virginity puts restraints on a woman's sexual life, whereas sexual activity is a physiological need. They also indicated their opposition to hymen examination imposed without the individual's consent. They agreed that stopping this practice depended more on the social structural changes required than on legal measures. (shrink)

Bu çalışma, çalışanlarda işkoliklikle benlik saygısı ilişkisinde algılanan örgütsel desteğin aracılık rolünü tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma verilerini elde etmek için, Çorum ilinde bir kamu hastanesinde görev yapan 200 çalışana anket form uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket formunda demografik sorular dahil olmak üzere, hastane çalışanlarında işkoliklik, algılanan örgütsel destek ve benlik saygısını ölçmeye yönelik, ülkemizdeki çalışmalarda yaygın kullanılan geçerlilik ve güvenirlik analizleri yapılmış üç ayrı ölçek kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS programında belirli analizlere tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda: algılanan örgütsel desteğin; işten zevk (...) alma (işkoliklik alt boyutu) ile kendini sevme (benlik saygısı alt boyutu) arasındaki ilişkide, işten zevk alma (işkoliklik alt boyutu) ile öz-yeterlilik (benlik saygısı alt boyutu) arasındaki ilişkide ve işe güdülenme hissi (işkoliklik alt boyutu) ile kendini sevme (benlik saygısı alt boyutu) arasındaki ilişkide kısmı aracılık rolü olduğu ve yine algılanan örgütsel desteğin; işe güdülenme hissi (işkoliklik alt boyutu) ile öz-yeterlilik (benlik saygısı alt boyutu) arasındaki ilişkide kısmı aracılık rolünün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to investigate the ways in which memory and imagination operate in and through the development of consciousness in literary texts. Itsguiding theme shall be the double consciousness in modern life which sets the plot for one of the masterpieces of Henry James, The Ambassadors (1903). Thus The Ambassadors artfully crafts the “inwardness of the modern mind” by plotting it as a process of maturity and of becoming mindful through the powers of imagination, recollection and (...) memory. The prospect of the novel consists in the possibility of envisioning a sense of freedom or of life that is one’s own making. The interpretation that I endorse here is guided by the question of intimacy and its relation to freedom, and is made in the light of what Hegel says in his Philosophy of Mind with regard to the development of mind’s powers. This assessment may disclose a way of learning and growing through becoming mindful of the oppositions that pervade the modern mind. Henry James and Hegel, each in their unique way, recollect this lesson that modern life teaches by raising it to a higher consciousness as we find in the form of their art and philosophy. (shrink)

In this article, the artist/author wishes to examine corporeality in the virtual realm, through the usage of the (non)-physical body of the avatar. Two sister art installations created in the virtual world of Second Life, both of which are meant to be accessed with site-specific avatars, will provide the creative platform whereby this investigation is undertaken. While the installation Anatomia aims to propel the visitor towards reflections of an introverted nature, involving the fragility of the physical self, body parts seeks (...) to challenge the residents of virtual environments to connect with the virtual manifestations, i.e., avatars, of others in an emotionally expressive/intimate manner. (shrink)

Ensuring well-being ahead of positive psychology aims at the treatment of individuals with psychological problems. Positive psychology contributes to the improvement of traumatic processes. But there is more to the field of study of positive psychology than that. In studies in this field, it has become important for individuals to be empowered with their own internal resources and to feel good with their values. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between the concepts of psychological well-being and (...) consent. The main purpose of the concept of psychological well-being is to support the individual with its own values in a psychologically healthy life. These values strengthen individuals and contribute to mental health by helping regulate people's cognition, emotions and behaviours. Religion is full of values for a happy and peaceful life for the believers. Religious values have the potential to empower people, enhance their cognition, and provide psychological well-being. The concept of consent is contained many meanings such as; Accepting the result after making an effort to get what they want in life, being resilience against negative life events, being hopeful, being satisfied with the life he/she lives, to find inner peace, having good moral qualities and good morals. It has been determined that components such as acceptance of emotions arising from negative experiences, a meaningful life, life satisfaction, psychological resilience related to the concept of psychological well-being are included in the concept of consent among the religious concepts. In this paper, positive psychology and "consent", a religious concept, have been examined and suggested for positive psychology practices for individuals with faith in order to empower them with their own values. (shrink)

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten is regarded as the founder of modern philosophical aesthetics in history of philosophy. Baumgarten associates aesthetics with sensible knowledge and its perfection where beauty appears as the perfection of sensible knowledge. In this context Baumgarten, as a representative of rationalist tradition, takes as a problem that sensible knowledge being accepted as intuition or lower knowledge. According to him, things are known through superior faculties as the object of logical knowledge, while sensible things are known through inferior faculties (...) as the object of science of sensible or aesthetics. Baumgarten’s point of view makes us face a duality in regard to cognitive faculties and ways of knowing: logic and aesthetics. In this work, the aim is to clarify how Baumgarten positions aesthetics and logic in his philosophy. (shrink)

In recent years, one of the important issues discussed in epistemology is the problem of disagreement. The epistemology of disagreement is mostly discussed through peer disagreement. The question of whether two epistemic peers should make a change in their beliefs after awareness of the disagreement is important in these discussions. To this question; there are four main answers: conciliationism, steadfastness, total evidence view, and justificationist view. In this thesis, I found these answers insufficient and put forward a new argument, which (...) i named as 'the evidence- based argument in peer disagreement'. Religious disagreements, with some of its cases that fall within the scope of peer disagreement, cause religious diversity. Whether religious diversity itself and religious disagreements will detract from the epistemological status of our religious belief is another matter of debate for religious epistemology. I have demonstrated that our religious belief is rational despite religious diversity and religious disagreements, both by using my argument and by putting forward various epistemological reasons. (shrink)

The problem of disagreement is one of the most important issues that have been debated in epistemology in recent years, and in particular the peer disagreement. The main question of this problem is what kind of attitude we should rationally adopt when we realize that someone who is an epistemic peer to us does not think the same. There are four main responses to this question: conciliationism, steadfastness, total evidence view, and justificationist view. In this article, first I will briefly (...) examine these four views and deal with the points where they fail to satisfy. Later, I will argue that resolution of the disagreement should be case-based. And finally, I will present the evidence-based argument in peer disagreement which is my own response to this problem and explain it with sample cases. (shrink)

“Diaspora uzman(lığ)ı”, sivil toplum örgütleri ve uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından tıbbi, teknik ve yönetimsel bilimler gibi çeşitli alanlarda uzman ve bir diaspora grubuna ait kişileri tanımlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Fakat bu kavramının bir de uzmanlık alanını diaspora konusu üzerine kazanmış kişileri anlatması söz konusudur. Bu çalışmada ilk durumu anlatmak için “diaspora-içinden-uzmanlık”, ikinci durum içinse “diaspora-üzerine-uzmanlık” kullanılmıştır. Diaspora-üzerine uzmanlık; diasporaların anavatanla, misafir ülkeyle ve diğer ülkelerdeki diaspora gruplarıyla ilişkilerini kapsayan bir ağın yönetimine; bir tür dünya politikasına yönelik uzmanlık bilgisidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüzde (...) diaspora üzerine uzmanlıktan beklenen bilgi, deneyim ve yetenek birikiminin siyaset kavramını ve disiplinini nasıl dönüştürdüğünü anlamaktır. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle kavramların anlamlarına (diaspora ve uzmanlık) ve diaspora-içinden-uzmanlığa değinilmiş; sonrasında diaspora-üzerine-uzmanlığın izleri üniversitelerde kurulan program, enstitü, merkez vb. oluşumlar üzerinden akademi alanında ve “diaspora uzman(lığ)ı” başlıklı iş ilanları üzerinden piyasada/uygulamada aranmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde diaspora-üzerine-uzmanlık konusundaki gelişmelerin siyaset çalışmaları akademisyenleri ve mezunları için neleri ima ettiği tartışılmıştır. (shrink)

Am 21. Februar 2021 wäre der US-amerikanische Philosoph John Bordley Rawls hundert Jahre alt geworden. Die Bedeutung seines Werkes für die politische Philosophie im Ganzen und die Theorie der liberalen, pluralistischen, sozialen und säkularen Demokratie im Besonderen lässt sich kaum überschätzen. Das gilt vor allem für das Opus Magnum Eine Theorie der Gerechtigkeit, welches 2021 ebenfalls einen runden Geburtstag feiert. Fünfzig Jahre nach ihrem Erscheinen gilt die Theorie als wichtigstes Werk des zeitgenössischen politischen Liberalismus und ihr Verfasser als Klassiker des (...) politischen Denkens, auf den zahlreiche Begriffe, Impulse und Themen der aktuellen Debatten zurückzuführen sind. Dieses zweifache Jubiläum nimmt der vorliegende Schwerpunkt der Zeitschrift für Praktische Philosophie zum Anlass, um aktuelle systematische Fragen der Theorie der Gerechtigkeit aufzugreifen, kritisch zu evaluieren und konstruktiv weiter zu entwickeln. (shrink)

Background: It is stated that the communication and disease experiences of paediatric patients, especially paediatric oncology patients, with healthcare professionals are completely different from those of adults. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the definitions of a good physician and good nurse provided by elementary school-age oncology patients. Research design: In this qualitative research, data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews. The data were evaluated thorough thematic analysis. Participants and research context: Eighteen children hospitalised due to cancer (...) in paediatric oncology and haematology clinics of a university hospital in Turkey. Ethical considerations: Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Institution’s Ethics Committee. The objectives of this study were explained to the participants and families, and written consent was obtained from them. Also, participants were assured that necessary measures would be taken to protect their anonymity and confidentiality. Findings: The definitions of children were based on five main themes: interpersonal relationships, virtues, professional responsibility, security and individual characteristics. Conclusion: Children conveyed important messages to health professionals. They emphasised that a good physician and good nurse should communicate well, not only with themselves but also with their family. In addition, children were sensitive about health professionals who played with them and actively participated in the treatment by informing them about the disease. Meeting the expectations of children can be possible by improving the communication skills of physicians and nurses and by adding games and activities to the treatment and care plan. (shrink)

This paper takes a first-hand look at the creation of multiple identities through multiple avatars by a single user in Second Life®. This phenomenon, together with its non-virtual predecessors such as the literary nom de plume, challenges the validity of the notion of the undivided 'self', particularly in the context of creative practices. 'alpha.tribe' is an experimental group of avatars who have founded a virtual fashion business in Second Life®. The creative output of this enterprise provides the visual context through (...) which the primarily self-observational study of the author will be presented. Within this framework, references from presence studies, cyberpsychology and ludology will also be drawn upon. A designer and artist, as well as an art educator, the author wished to investigate whether the consistency of the creative self is in fact a given and whether it might not be challenged. Thus five avatars, of both sexes, human as well as non-human, have pooled their resources in the operation of a design enterprise, within which each virtual identity pursues his/her own line of creative inquiry, culminating in different lines of output. A discussion of this ongoing experiment, supplemented with a visual documentation of the work engendered, forms the bulwark of this text. (shrink)

This article discusses the transformation of a tiny three-dimensional artwork created in the metaverse that takes its inspiration from Jorge Luis Borges’s story of ‘the Aleph’ – a tale that revolves around a minute artefact that is ‘one of the points in space that contains all other points’. The visualization of a concept as complex as ‘the Aleph’ led the author of the project through a process that started from Cartesian precepts, from where it transformed itself into an investigation of (...) ‘code’ as a basal, life-giving presence that is abstract, enigmatic and hermetic in its essence. This correlation between ‘code’ and the magical nature of ‘the Aleph’ has led to further considerations regarding the significance of such a marvellous object within virtual worlds. Accordingly, this text will conclude with the description of an intriguing, novel usage for ‘the Aleph’ that materializes as a time machine for virtual-world avatars. (shrink)

With this text I wish to revisit a long-standing preoccupation of mine which addresses the extent to which the digital medium may have brought about a paradigm shift in creative process; one which has been effectuated through a conversion of the creative medium itself – from atoms to bits. As a visual practitioner, what is particularly significant to my enquiry is that this change in medium is deemed to have brought about a change in language that affects the very nature (...) of autographic work which comes into being as visual output: following Goodman’s definitions of allographic and autographic output, McCullough asserts that visual artworks may now be considered to be allographic productions since they presently share the same attributes of notationally based allographic work, which has traditionally manifested only as music or as literary output. The result is a work environment which wide opens the doors to unprecedented levels of non-linear process and experimentation whilst engaged in the visually creative act. (shrink)

About Antiquities: Politics of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire. By Zeynep Çelik. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. Pp. xi + 268, illus. $27.95.

The capacity of visual working memory (VWM) refers to the amount of visual information that can be maintained in mind at once, readily accessible for ongoing tasks. In healthy young adults, the capacity limit of VWM corresponds to about three simple objects. While some researchers argued that VWM capacity becomes adult-like in early years of life, others claimed that the capacity of VWM continues to develop beyond middle childhood. Here we assessed whether VWM capacity reaches adult levels in adolescence. Using (...) an adaptation of the visual change detection task, we measured visual working memory capacity estimates in 13 year-olds, 16-year-olds, and young adults. We tested whether the capacity estimates observed in early or later years of adolescence were comparable to the estimates obtained from adults. Our results demonstrated that the capacity of VWM continues to develop throughout adolescence, not reaching adult levels even in 16 year-olds. These findings suggest that VWM capacity displays a prolonged development, similar to the protracted trajectories observed in various other aspects of cognition. (shrink)

Critique of the Power of Judgment is the third work of Kant’s critical philosophy. Kant states that he has put this work on paper to complement his critical philosophy. This statement of completion constitutes the transition that is required between the theoretical and practical areas of philosophy. According to Kant, transition from the theortical area, or natural area to the practical area, or the area of freedom is not possible. Moreover, principals in the area of freedom need to be realised (...) in the area of nature. Kant has presented a system that establishes art as the bridge from the area of freedom to the area of nature. With regard to this system, genius is the skill that provides the rules for art through nature and as one definition of beautiful in Critique of the Power of Judgment, Kant identifies beautiful as the transition of aesthetical ideas thorough genius. This transition occurs as a result of the judgment of taste by means of the free play of imagination and understanding. My aim in this study is to clarify how imagination that is not limited by understanding widens up and is presented as [non-conceptional] aestethical ideas through art. In order to put forth this representation with all its clarity, I will try to elucidate the meaning of the transition from the practical area of philosophy to its theoretical area, which is crucial according to Kant. In this contect, I wil emphasize the nature of judgments of taste, relation of nature-art, classification of fine arts, and the role of genius in emerging aestethical ideas. (shrink)

Suddenly, COVID-19 has changed the world and the way people work. Companies had to accelerate something they knew was imminent in the future, but not immediate and extremely humongous. This situation poses a huge challenge for companies to survive and thrive in this complex business environment and for employees, who must adapt to this new way of working. An effective e-leadership, which promotes companies’ adaptability, is needed. This study investigates the existing knowledge on teleworking and e-leadership; and analyzes the supposed (...) challenges. The literature review shows that companies with effective e-leadership can view teleworking as an opportunity. It is advantageous for not only companies’ productivity but also the environment and people who work remotely. However, a traditional or no leadership can result in some risks. Thriving in remote work environments implies that managers must adjust the companies’ structure, making them less hierarchical, and developing new abilities to establish a strong and trustworthy relationship with their employees to maintain their competitiveness, while retaining a genuine concern for their employees’ well-being. Similarly, successful e-leadership must be able to consolidate and lead effective virtual teams to accomplish organizational goals. This study contributes to the literature and leaders during the pandemic. (shrink)

Interventions in medicine require multicenter clinical trialson a large rather than limited number of subjects from various genetic and cultural backgrounds. International guidelines to protect the rights and well-being of human subjects involved in clinical trialsarecriticizedforthe priority they place on Western cultural values. These discussions become manifest especially with regard to the content and methodology of the informed consent procedure. The ethical dilemma emerges from the argument that there are fundamental differences about the concept of respect for the autonomy of (...) individuals in different cultures and religions. Some communities prioritize the consent of community leaders or the head of family –usually men – over the voluntary and free consent of the individual. The aim of this work is to discuss this ethical dilemma to determine a base for a consensus that satisfies the sensibilities of different cultures without damaging the rights and autonomy of human subjects. (shrink)

This article will ask questions that connect the conceptions of Marc Augé's 'place/non-place' and Gaston Bachelard's 'poetic space' to the avatar of real-time, perpetual, online, three-dimensional virtual builder's worlds, also known as the metaverse. Are metaverses 'places' or 'non-places'? Do we actually live in the metaverse or do we just traverse these worlds very much in the sense that Marc Augé defines them as transitional loci that are assigned only to circumscribed and specific positions? The question following from this is (...) whether there are nevertheless three-dimensionally embodied virtual spaces that go beyond being transitional 'non-places' to locations in which an imaginative relationship to architecture in the sense in which Bachelard describes them in his seminal work The Poetics of Space (1958) or that correspond to Marc Augé's definition of 'place' exist. (shrink)

Introduction: It is essential to detect sacroiliitis earlier to decrease morbidity and unwanted complications such as ankylosing of sacroiliac joints. In recent studies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as a key diagnostic tool for identifying sacroiliitis and is now included in the diagnostic criteria. We aim to detect the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging on the MRI in diagnosing sacroiliitis and measure ADC values for the response to treatment in future studies. Materials -methods: There were 39 patients (16 male, 20 female). (...) A 1.5 Tesla MR device with a pelvic coil was used. The sequences were T1 (before and after intravenous contrast administration of gadolinium), T2-weighted fast field echo, short tau inversion recovery (STIR), diffusion-weighted (DW) images, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping. Sacroiliac joints were divided into four quadrants, and two radiologists interpreted all the sequences by giving scores from 0 to 3 depending on bone marrow edema from none to severe. The concordance of scores assigned to STIR, T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced images, ADC mapping, and diffusion-weighted MR images was evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the activity scores derived from short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and other magnetic resonance (MR) sequences, namely T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced images, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping, and diffusion-weighted MR images. Conclusion: Active bone marrow abnormalities were identified with comparable efficacy using STIR imaging and other MR sequences (T1W-Gad, ADC mapping, DW-MR). In our study, we tried to emphasize the role of the diffusion-weighted images near the other sequences. Diffusion is a fast, easy-applied sequence. After increased experience in the diffusion-weighted images, routine application of this sequence will increase, and even becoming one of the diagnostic criteria will be inevitable. The difference in DWI from the other sequences is that it is measurable. The response to treatment may be followed up by ADC values. (shrink)

In this article, we discuss a project that was co-authored by a storyteller and a visual artist in the metaverse of Second Life in 2009. The aim of the project was to create a storytelling space that would be used by its visitors to create their own unique narratives, as well as their own original performances, all of which would take their trajectories by being immersed in a virtual architecture/landscape, through avatar costumes and a substantial library of dramatic poses and (...) animations that were put at their disposal by the authors at the location of the event. The project wove together several concepts: these are Roy Ascott’s tenets of ‘distributed authorship’ and ‘participatory poesis’, which were brought together with a term that was coined by Axel Bruns to describe novel collaborative electronic forms of creative output in which the roles of the ‘user’ and the ‘producer’ have become merged, manifesting as a novel type of online behaviour that the author defines as ‘Produsage’. These primary concepts were substantiated by research that combined the fields of performance art, storytelling, memory arts and the usage of mnemonic devices, including the Renaissance notion of the ‘memory theatre’ with Cyberpsychology, particularly in relation to avatar studies. (shrink)

READING ALASDAIR MACINTYRE'S AFTER VIRTUE.

Earlier studies have shown that musically trained individuals may have a benefit in adverse listening situations when compared to non-musicians, especially in speech-on-speech perception. However, the literature provides mostly conflicting results. In the current study, by employing different measures of spoken language processing, we aimed to test whether we could capture potential differences between musicians and non-musicians in speech-on-speech processing. We used an offline measure of speech perception, which reveals a post-task response, and online measures of real time spoken language (...) processing: gaze-tracking and pupillometry. We used stimuli of comparable complexity across both paradigms and tested the same groups of participants. In the sentence recall task, musicians recalled more words correctly than non-musicians. In the eye-tracking experiment, both groups showed reduced fixations to the target and competitor words’ images as the level of speech maskers increased. The time course of gaze fixations to the competitor did not differ between groups in the speech-in-quiet condition, while the time course dynamics did differ between groups as the two-talker masker was added to the target signal. As the level of two-talker masker increased, musicians showed reduced lexical competition as indicated by the gaze fixations to the competitor. The pupil dilation data showed differences mainly in one target-to-masker ratio. This does not allow to draw conclusions regarding potential differences in the use of cognitive resources between groups. Overall, the eye-tracking measure enabled us to observe that musicians may be using a different strategy than non-musicians to attain spoken word recognition as the noise level increased. However, further investigation with more fine-grained alignment between the processes captured by online and offline measures is necessary to establish whether musicians differ due to better cognitive control or sound processing. (shrink)

Researchers have concluded that religious beliefs and spirituality develop the ability to deal with negative feelings and behaviours. Religious beliefs give hope and self-esteem while reducing anger, guilt, anxiety, and depression. Therefore, mental healthcare professionals deal with combining religious and spiritual beliefs into various therapy processes. One of them; In cognitive behavioural therapy, it is accepted that people perceive the events as negative because of their negative beliefs about themselves and their environment. Thinking badly about your own like that “I (...) am not a good person”, “I am a worthless person”, “I don’t pass this exam because I am too inadequate” and thinking badly about their environment like that “people can hurt me”, “people always lie to me”, “nobody can love me”, these harmful and dysfunctional thoughts may have begun to develop in childhood. Negative life experiences might also lead to the development of negative personal perceptions. Negative core beliefs fed by negative events for many years may become permanent in the mind of the person. It is used alternative positive thinking instead of these negative thoughts in the therapy process. Religions are believed useful as an alternative thinking source. Many religious approaches and Islamic belief have alternative sources to change dysfunctional and maladaptive thoughts by some: such as prayer, hope, moderation, self-esteem, patience, repentance, justice, tolerance, wisdom, gratitude, kindness, respect, courtesy and contentment. These values are thought useful for cognitive behavioural therapy process to restructure dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. With this study, we aim to examine and give some samples how Islamic belief integrates into cognitive behavioural therapy. (shrink)